Developing Countries
by juvy orillaza
1. Once colonialism ended it left a culture that wasn’t used to democracy
2. Theory came out of the Marxist (School of thought)
2.1. Argues that capitalism is exploitation system
3. group of 8 - decision is actually made by this group (Developed countries such as America, britian)
4. Trans Atlantic Slavery- race specific (one slave masters/other slaves)
5. Foreign aid= dependency / ex: Israel
6. Bretton Woods Institutions = World Bank / also the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
6.1. set up at a meeting of 43 countries to rebuild post war economy and to promote economic cooperation
7. Nationalism- patriotic feeling/ principles or efforts
8. Post Racial Society- theoretic view of US having no discrimination or racial problems
9. Terms:
9.1. LDC- Least developed countries
9.2. underdevelopment- a state of not having basic needs
9.3. development- process of meeting these basic needs / some countries are west of where they were 10 years ago
9.4. The Global South- geographic dimensions, developing countries
9.5. Third world country: coined during Cold War period, nonaligned with NATO or a communist country (?)
9.6. LIC - Least Industrialized COuntries
9.7. Global poverty- anyone who lives below $2 a day you live under global poverty line below 1.25 a day= extreme poverty line
9.8. GDP- Gross Domestic Product
9.9. GNI- Gross national Income/ average income of country/
9.9.1. problem- doesn't show where the money goes to
9.10. HDI- Human development Index
9.11. colonialism- 90% of undeveloped countries have been colonized for some time
10. What developing countries have in common
10.1. 1. Colonization
10.1.1. most have been colonized one time or another
10.2. Similar economic structures
10.2.1. export- a whole lot
10.2.2. import very little
10.3. 3. tarriffs- makes it harder to sell and tariffs happen when they try to ship to other countries
10.3.1. Ghana's chocolate would be worth more
10.3.1.1. a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports
11. Economic Characteristics
11.1. poverty happens because less productivity
11.2. developing countries could work harder than developed coutries but not as efficient
11.2.1. technology can be a factor
11.2.2. don't have the facilities to make them as successful
11.3. infrastructure, lack of infrastructure in developing countries
11.3.1. transportation
11.3.2. communication
11.3.3. energy
11.3.4. water
11.3.5. access to electricity
12. Primary products
12.1. what developed countries are focused on
12.2. they'd send raw materials to europe (cocoa/diamonds)
12.3. not an efficient way to run an economy
12.4. selling in raw state, losing $
12.5. selling cocoa seeds has to sell for less because perishable, can add value if they sold it as chocolate since last longer and that's how they want it anyways
12.6. free trade is not free
12.7. instead the countries can sell the chocolate from that country so it does not affect like Switzerland's chocolate
13. WTO- World Trade Organization
13.1. regulates global trade
13.2. on paper all countries have one vote
14. subsidies
14.1. argued third world countries by developed countries should remove subsidies from their product
14.2. government should not subsides their product, reduces their value
14.3. subsidy- a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an i ndustry or business so that the price of a commodity or a service may remian low or competitive
14.4. america gives 30 billion dollars for subsidies to farmers
14.5. developing countries have a LARGE INFORMAL SECTORS
14.5.1. no tax deprives government of needed revenue
14.5.2. creates a safety problem, things that have not been tested or approved by the government, cannot be sure of the safety of the government
15. Social charactersitics of developing countries
15.1. shorter life spans in Developing countries due to health care issues and stuff
15.2. access to education, not the same way as in developED countries
15.2.1. most will finish a primary education but few will get a secondary education
15.2.2. makes the market into skilled labor because of lack of education
15.3. Brain drain - most educated in developing countries leave to developed countries
15.4. women are not equal due to cultures in other countries
16. Political characterisitics
16.1. developing countries tend to have a less political power
16.2. tend to be more creative when democratic
16.3. do better than totalitarian governments
17. Transatlantic slave trade
17.1. started around 1400s
17.1.1. before it happened slave trade existed in Africa and Europe, was significantly different
17.1.2. war between two different ethic groups, whoever was defeated you become slaves to who won
17.1.3. there was social mobility, captured and enslaved=not race specific
17.1.4. slavery was not race specific more towards class
17.1.5. africans slave owners could own africanslaves
17.1.6. traingular trade exclusively race slave
18. Triangular slave trade
18.1. longest inhumane trade lasted 400 years
19. Consequences
19.1. Between 30-50 million africans were taken from the content
19.2. No accurate records/ destroyed
19.3. West and central africa countries but cannot determine specifically what countries
19.4. Kormantine ethnic group usually taken
19.5. Depopulated continents
19.6. Population far below most in a continent
19.7. The Middle Passage→ the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade. many people were dropped in the Atlantic ocean
19.8. Changed the ecology of the ocean because of all the bodies being dropped there
19.9. Destroyed acquired skills
19.10. Destroyed kingdoms
19.11. 20 million european guns into west africa
19.12. Once transatlantic slave trade introduced race it created a superiority / racism
19.13. Colonization europe was taking territories
20. Colonialism
20.1. Most third world countries went under colonialism
20.2. Only two that has been colonized that are developed countries: US and Australia
20.3. All third world countries that are third world have been colonized
20.4. Reason why they became developed: they are the same people/ europeans went to US and Australia, they just expanded
20.5. Colonialism the in position of authority over a territory by an outside force
20.6. Scientific curiosity → wanted to see what was outside of their own area
20.7. Political reasons→ prestige
20.8. Main reason for colonialism was economic
20.9. Economic reason was the strongest
21. Consequences of colonization:
21.1. Started 1470-1970s
21.2. Most colonies ended up in the 1970s
21.3. European colonization was much longer in south america
21.4. Economic consequences→ exercise in exploitation of the resources of the colonized
21.5. Lot of capital was taken from the colonies
21.6. metropole→ country doing the colonization
21.7. Lots of transfer of resources
21.8. neo-colonialism→ the use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies.
21.9. Colonialism destroyed many economic structures that existed before such as trade in the countries colonized
22. On the political side:
22.1. Alien systems of government in the former colonies
22.2. To begin with colonists was an exercise of totalitarianism
22.3. Based on totalitarian government no democracy involved
22.4. Governors weren’t democratic
22.5. Aulhoritariamism is what the countries knew
22.6. Imposed political structures
23. Baswana
23.1. Kgotla system→ in every serious issue that affected the country, they discussed and take vote. The chief will have to follow the majority vote
24. Socially
24.1. Major impact bc of colonialism
24.2. Few languages that dominates the international scene:English, France, Spanish
24.3. All colonial languages
24.4. Africa is regarded as the mother of languages
24.5. Most african countries has 1,000 languages per capita
24.5.1. Example: around/ over 100 languages in ghana
24.6. Without Africa, france would have been a dying language
24.7. Languages come from a culture, a way of life, killing a language means the culture is dying
24.8. If the language is dead then the culture is dead
24.9. Colonism has killed many cultures=superiority complex
24.10. Culture of the colonizer seems superior to the colonized
25. Why are some countries not developed
25.1. Two theories:
25.1.1. Rostow-Modernization theory→ argues that every society goes through five stages of development
25.1.1.1. 1. Traditional society→ all society started from this state/based on agriculture (agrarian)
25.1.1.2. 2. Preconditions for take-off → start to recognize agriculture, increase productivity
25.1.1.3. 3. Take off → start to manufacture goods, industries come up, diversify. More in industries less in agriculture. Dual economy
25.1.1.4. 4. Drive to maturity stage→ having industries and diversify them, manufacturing in all areas . moves from being dependent to self sustaining, standard of living improves
25.1.1.5. 5. Age of Mass consumption → full functioning economy, lifestyles has improved
25.1.2. Dependency theory→ share the same concept
25.1.2.1. Structuralist school of thought