Ritualism In Asia
by Alvin Toh Toh
1. Explanation
2. Traditional Form: Nat Pwe
3. Traditional Form: Teyyam
4. Traditional Form: Beopgochum (dharma Drum Dance)
5. Contemporary Form: Modern Baris (warrior dance)
6. Explanation
7. Characteristics
8. Movement
9. Music
10. Costume
11. Characteristics
12. Music
13. Costumes
14. Movement
15. Characteristics
16. Music
17. Costume
18. Movement
19. Explanation
20. Characteristics
21. Music
22. Costume
23. Movement
24. Origin: Korea
25. Links and references
26. https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=dEgkCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT41&lpg=PT41&dq=Beopgochum&source=bl&ots=GHf8j6NKva&sig=ovJD-VyltlnZz-bSjSVmlw_P-w0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLro-j99jSAhVFM48KHTbYCA8Q6AEIKTAD#v=onepage&q=Beopgochum&f=false
27. https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=6xOGBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=Beopgochum+dance+ritual&source=bl&ots=0NSU-YrCIC&sig=uv80aNabjxPzufYnks_7D17VY6s&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwikxOa8_djSAhWMPI8KHWnqB-kQ6AEIOzAG#v=onepage&q=Beopgochum%20dance%20ritual&f=false
28. https://www.gugak.go.kr/site/inc/file/fileDownload?dirname=/sites/gugak/files/site/20150122&filename=Chapter%203.The%20Concept%20of%20Korean%20Folk%20Dance1.pdf&type=E&boardid=1170
29. 'Beopgo' translate to mean 'a drum that disseminates Buddha's teaching
30. Deep beats of the drum is the main source of music http://www.flickriver.com/photos/perarne/3523409541/
31. Often the drum is accompanied by beompae (Buddhist chanting) with no fixed rhythm
32. dharma drum dance
33. The ritual dance has 2 elements
34. 1st element: beopgochum is a series of movements before the drum is played
35. 2nd element: Hongochum refers to the dance that accompanies the drum and the chanting
36. No fixed set of movement to the dance
37. Dancer move spontaneously to the shift of music and tone
38. Complicated rhythmic drum patterns
39. Purpose of the dance is to use the drum to awaken people to Buddha's teachings and release them from their suffering
40. As the dance is viewed as offering one's body, costume is simple monastic clothings
41. Buddhist kāṣāya https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sR0StHaT4p8/V610qACqG-I/AAAAAAAAALo/eWEWYZmgib4wXv4k_J8hsGWa7BFixnOrgCLcB/s1600/1.jpg
42. http://www.chinabuddhismencyclopedia.com/en/index.php/Korean_Buddhism_and_Art
43. example of movement of beopgochum in contemporary form
44. Origin: Kerala, Southwest India
45. Explanation
46. Links and references
47. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2011/09/11/travel/theyyam-trance-dances-in-the-indian-countryside/#.WMq11G-GOUk
48. http://www.keralapicnicspot.com/theyyam/kandanar-kelan-theyyam?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social&utm_content=wallpost&utm_campaign=smo
49. http://www.keralapicnicspot.com/theyyam?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social&utm_content=wallpost&utm_campaign=smo
50. trance ritual which man takes the role of Gods and perform the dance and give blessings to Devotees.
51. trance element has been assimilated into theatrical forms
52. settings
53. performed in places where there's presence of Gods (Temples and Ancestoral home)
54. no stages or curtain
55. performed infornt of the idols of Gods
56. Fire has an important role in the performance
57. people can watch and at the end get blessings from (dancing Gods) Theyyams.
58. can include fire dance
59. dress of Theyyam is known as ‘Theyyakolam’. beautiful and brightly coloured
60. headgear and other ornamental decorations are spectacular in sheer size and appearance. https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/fe/8c/e6/fe8ce695afb9b4d303e5e6b37cce81aa.jpg
61. makeups and facial drawings are very beautiful and complicated and are done by trained artists. https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/46/4a/2e/464a2e0cc03a768ea552d1f783e9a27b.jpg
62. Mostly the Theyyams are brightly red in coloured and the dressings including coconut leaf and flowers. https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/86/2c/8b/862c8b9d88fc29d9ad64aacb245a8655.jpg
63. traditional music instruments of Kerala are used
64. Chenda (a wooden cylindrical drum) https://layaloka.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/chenda.jpg
65. Chengila (an Indian gong) http://asiantheatre.wikispaces.com/file/view/Chengila-Percussion.jpg/91281911/Chengila-Percussion.jpg
66. Elathalam (metallic musical instrument which resembles a miniature pair of cymbals) https://c1.staticflickr.com/8/7151/6817746481_f6d9aa2dd5_b.jpg
67. Karum Kuzhal (a double reed wind instrument) https://virali.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/u-k-kunjirama-paniker-theyyam-and-kurunkuzhal-artiste.jpg
68. holy men throwing glittering dust, chanting and thrusting talismans about
69. dancer comes in front of the shrine and gradually “metamorphoses” into the particular deity of the shrine.
70. has different steps known as Kalaasams. Each Kalaasam is repeated systematically from the first to the eighth step of footwork.
71. http://www.xip.fi/atd/introduction/1-rituals.html
72. Origin: Myanmar
73. animistic, spirit ritual
74. Links and references
75. http://www.xip.fi/atd/myanmar/nat-pwe-spirit-rituals.html
76. Spirits are called nat in Myanmar
77. small, traditional percussion orchestra
78. dynamic music
79. 'pwe' means play or performance
80. Fruits, food, cigarettes, rum, and beer are offered to the nat statues https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Offerings_of_alcohol_to_Burmese_nat.jpg
81. One or more nat priests with their assistants arrive on the scene, dancing in a relaxed manner and partaking of the offerings.
82. The principal priest performing the actual ritual wears a simple garment, such as a shawl, or a headgear, indicating which nat he or she will be in contact with during the ritual. http://l7.alamy.com/zooms/e09b5af01f2748e3b5526ed25cdfb258/myanmar-burma-bagan-nat-pwe-a-ceremony-to-thank-the-spirits-for-a-ctwb2p.jpg
83. The priest dances ecstatically, repeating simple steps and moving arms and hands in a manner typical of Burmese dance.
84. dancing skill is of only secondary importance.
85. procedures during ritual
86. The priest sings while dancing and recites scenes from the life of the nat being portrayed.
87. At the climax of the ritual, the priest falls into a trance and “becomes” the nat in question.
88. priest announces prophecies to the assistants, who interpret them to the audience.
89. http://www.gomyanmartours.com/nat-pwe-performance-nat-dance/
90. http://dev.myanmarbravo.com/facts-and-factors/culture-and-tradition/Nat-Pwe
91. Gongs, drums, and xylophones
92. sometimes whirling half-consciously on the ground while in trance
93. Links and references
94. Origin: Bali
95. http://www.xip.fi/atd/indonesia/ritual-and-trance-performance.html
96. http://tribalitour.blogspot.sg/2013/01/modern-baris-dance.html
97. virtuoso solo in which the dancer portrays the emotions of a warrior departing for the battlefield.
98. gamelan gong orchestra https://www.nch.ie/ArticleMedia/Images/branding/NationalConcertHall/NEW%20-%20Education/NO-FEE-6-NCH-Gamelan-Presentation.jpg
99. modern, completely secular variant of the sacred war dance Baris Gede
100. combination of the traditional baris and various elements of Balinese classical male dance.
101. Fast, jerking movements,
102. used to convey the warrior’s rapidly changing moods, ranging from courage to fear and from doubt to determination.
103. expressive eye movements http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1212/786233417_4ad2e0a30e_o.jpg
104. tensed arm gestures
105. often based on stories from the Mahabharata and Ramayana epics
106. distinctive costume based on that of Baris Gede, with its shimmering pointed helmet. https://simomot.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/melasti-makassar-290314-smt-7-e1396226814493.jpg
107. basic movements have been taken from the older dance, but have been refined and embellished
108. The dancer may bear a kris, spear, bow, or other weapons, depending on the variant performed https://i.ytimg.com/vi/dLozrg0IhKQ/maxresdefault.jpg
109. http://www.gcmtoy.com/BarisTun.htm
110. relation between dancer and orchestra is an intimate one, since the gamelan must be entirely attuned to the changing moods of the dancer’s imperious will
111. triangular-shaped white headdress bedecked with white flowers or mother of pearl shells
112. red flowers fringe this unique headdress
113. white headdress may be substituted with gilded and carved leather for a more magnificent effect
114. Black leggings with gold trim are usually worn
115. adorned with a multitude of elegantly coloured stoles, which create a very dramatic effect when he whirls around
