1. Vladimir Propp - Structuralism
1.1. Important for narrative sutdies
1.2. Over 150 folktales analysed
1.2.1. Same basic structure and characters
1.3. Narratology important to structuralism
1.3.1. Study of underlying structures which can be found in a range of media and cultural text
1.4. Not meant for analysis of media but can be applied = relevant universally
2. Pierre Bourdieu - Distinction
2.1. Distinction
2.1.1. High/ Low Culture
2.1.2. Taste and Habitus
2.2. Marxist
2.2.1. Those in power make distinctions of 'good' and 'bad'
2.3. Research 1963 - 1968
2.3.1. Social class determines likes and interests
2.3.1.1. reinforced in daily lives
2.3.1.1.1. communication in daily lives e.g. well spoken = high class and slang = low class
2.4. Cultural field
2.4.1. Dominant vs subordinate
2.4.1.1. high cultural vs capital
2.4.1.2. high economic capital
2.4.1.3. 3 distinctions of power and capital
2.4.1.3.1. economic - money
2.4.1.3.2. social - who you know
2.4.1.3.3. cultural - what you know
2.5. Taste
2.5.1. Education
3. Roland Barthes - Myth
3.1. Analysis of popular culture
3.2. Early work = structuralist
3.3. Later work = post - structuralist
3.4. Assumptions and conventions create all communication
3.4.1. He called these myths
3.5. 'The author' is irrelevant because relationship is established between the text and reader
3.5.1. Key article in post - structuralism
3.6. Semiotics study
3.6.1. Sign = signifier + signified
3.7. Denotations and Connotation
3.7.1. Connotations are made within the culture's values
3.8. Myths naturalises meaning
3.9. Myth is a system of communication and a form of signification
4. Antonio Gramsci - Culture and Ideology
4.1. Ideology: ideas, practices which sustain powerful social groups
4.2. Culture: multiplicity of meanings, range of ideologies
4.3. Social authority exercised through consent: ideology binds together diverse social elements (common sense)
4.4. Hegemony: unstable, temporary, needs to be re-won and negotiated; culture site of conflict, counter-hegemony (Barker 2008: 68); emphasis on negotiation, struggle
5. Stuart Hall - Culture and Ideology
5.1. Cultural industries are site of ideological production (e.g. ‘Policing the Crisis’)
5.2. but audiences are no ideological dupes
5.3. Texts not inscribed with meaning; meaning act of articulation, objects become meaningful through practice
5.4. Emphasis on experience of sub-groups in society
6. Henri Lefebvre - Everydayness and Culture
6.1. How culture functions in everyday life
6.2. Looked at 'natural' life to see the artificial nature and their consequences
6.3. Analysis of space
6.3.1. how social space is used for different purposes
6.3.2. how those divisions are kept
6.3.3. how they inform people's behaviour
6.4. Looked at social ideas of time
6.5. Made similar arguments for its meaning and functions
7. Raymond Williams - High/Low Culture
7.1. Key figure in development of Cultural Studies
7.2. Examined ways that people relate to history, place and identity through culture
7.3. His works are influenced by Marxism
7.4. He opened up the study of culture and made links between culture, power, industry and economy
8. Theodor Adorno - Culture Industries
8.1. High & Low Culture
8.2. Culture as a commodity
8.2.1. Profit motive
8.2.1.1. industrialised production
8.3. Marxist
8.3.1. Mass mediated culture
8.3.2. Powerful = Producers
8.3.2.1. Keeps them in power (economic and political)
8.3.3. Subordinate = consumers
8.3.3.1. Passive consumers
9. Michel de Certau - Culture and Audiences
9.1. Analysis of cultural categories
9.2. Exploring how some cultures are seen more legitimate than others (Valid)
9.3. How people use and consume culture rather than Adorno who looked at industry and production
9.4. Audiences = passive consumers
10. Michel Foucault - Discourse
10.1. Relationship between social institutions and power
10.2. Works range: structuralism, post-structuralism, postmodernism
10.3. Discourse = forms of communication
10.3.1. Within communication, we have social rules of what can and cannot be said