1. Ductile work material, low rake angle, low cutting speed, high depth of cut, high feedrate, poor use of cutting fluid
2. Supporting for long or thin workpiece
2.1. Centres
2.1.1. Dead/plain centre
2.1.1.1. Used for heavy loading turning
2.1.1.2. Apply grease = reduce friction
2.1.2. Live/revolving centre
2.1.2.1. Reduce temp generated at the centre
2.1.2.2. Can rotate along with the workpiece
2.2. Steadies
2.2.1. Travelling
2.2.1.1. Bolted to saddle
2.2.1.2. Useful when length of workpiece is machined
2.2.1.3. Prevents the metal from bending under cuttinf pressure
2.2.2. Fixed
2.2.2.1. Bolted to bed
2.2.2.2. Used to support work or long bar a distance from the chuck
2.2.2.3. Useful for turning a part of a long slender job
2.2.2.4. For drilling, boringo reaming at end of workpiece
3. Gang milling
3.1. Uses more than 2 cutters
3.2. Used to mill a number of diff simultaneously
4. Straddle milling
4.1. Uses 2 Side and face cuters for machining 2 parallel surafes of the work piece
4.2. Cut same depth on workpiece
4.3. Reduces machining time
5. Components
5.1. Table
5.1.1. With a leadscrew the table can move left and right
5.2. Spindle
5.2.1. Connected to the motor
5.2.2. Drives the arbor
5.3. Base
5.3.1. Foundation of machine
5.3.2. Storage tank for coolant
5.4. Brace
5.4.1. Additional support and rigidity to a long arbor
5.5. Arbor
5.5.1. Mount cutting tools
5.5.2. Rotates the cutter about a horizontal axis
5.6. Overarm
5.6.1. Support for free end of a long arbor
5.7. Column
5.7.1. Houses the electrical circuitry, the main drive and spindle bearings
5.8. Knee
5.8.1. Acts as a support for the saddle, work table and other accessories
5.9. Saddle
5.9.1. Enables the table to move along the clomun and provides vertical motion
6. Lathe Machine
6.1. Cutting metal
6.2. Uses cutting tool
7. Turning Operations
7.1. Boring
7.1.1. To enlarge an existing hole
7.1.2. Must be done after drilling
7.2. Turning
7.2.1. Reduce diameter of work piece
7.2.2. Parallel to the axis of rotation
7.3. Threading
7.3.1. Parallel to axis of rotation
7.3.2. Faster
7.4. Facing
7.4.1. Fed on 1 end
7.4.2. Create a flat surface
7.5. Parting/Cut-off
7.5.1. Cut of a specific length of work piece
7.5.2. From center of work piece
7.6. Grooving
7.6.1. Fed near the mid
7.6.2. To a specific depth
7.7. Reaming
7.7.1. For finishing
7.7.2. Must be done after drilling
7.8. Drilling
7.8.1. Create a hole
7.8.2. In the middle
8. Turning feeds and speeds
9. Cutting Theory
9.1. Cutting Methods
9.1.1. Oblique
9.1.1.1. Any angle other than 90
9.1.1.2. Better at leaving a finishing than orthogonal
9.1.2. Orthogonal
9.1.2.1. Set at 90 degrees to the direction of movement
9.1.2.2. Effectiveness depends on slope
9.2. Factors affecting cutting operations
9.2.1. Work piece material
9.2.1.1. Wood, Metal, Acrylic
9.2.2. Conditions
9.2.2.1. Wet/Dry
9.2.3. Tool material
9.2.3.1. Diamond, Cast cobalt alloys, Cemented carbide
9.2.4. Machine rigidity
9.2.4.1. Machine dsign/Machine condition
9.3. Cutting conditions
9.3.1. Increase feedrate, increase depth of cut, decrease cutting speed
9.3.1.1. Quick material remover
9.3.2. Decrease feedrate, decrease depth of cut, increase cutting speed
9.3.2.1. Finishing cuts
10. Single pointed tool geometry
10.1. Positive rake angle tools
10.1.1. Higher angle = Better surface finish
10.1.2. Less cutting force and power
10.1.3. Tool becomes weaker
10.1.4. Higher tool life
10.2. Negative rake angle tools
10.2.1. Surface finish sucks
10.2.2. Thin continuous chips
10.2.3. High cutting speeds
11. Types of chips
11.1. Affected by
11.1.1. Work Material, Tool Geometry, Cutting Conditions, Presence of cutting fluids
11.2. Discontinuous chips
11.2.1. Brittle work material, small rake angle, low cutting speed, large depth of cut, large feedrate, lack of cutting fluid
11.3. Continuous chips
11.3.1. Ductile work material, large rake angle, high cutting speed, small depth of cut, low feedrate, effiicient use of cutting fluid, cutting tool with less pressure
11.4. Continuous chips with a built-up edge
12. Tool holding devices
12.1. Front tool post
12.1.1. Only 1 tool at a time
12.2. 4-way tool post
12.2.1. hold up to 4 diff tools
12.2.2. Can find the centre of turning tool
12.2.3. Can be rotated and clamped in any position
12.3. Quick change tool post
12.3.1. Fast in swapping out tools
12.3.2. Useful for batch prodution
12.4. Tail Stock
12.4.1. Can be mounted with a drill chuck
12.4.2. Hold drilling bits
13. Work holding and supporting devices
13.1. Holding workpiece
13.1.1. 3 jaws chucks
13.1.1.1. Scrolling mechanism to clamp the work piece
13.1.1.2. Advantage
13.1.1.2.1. Workpiece will be clamped in the centre of the chuck
13.1.1.2.2. Can work with workpiece with large diameter but shorter length
13.1.1.3. Disadvantage
13.1.1.3.1. Low gripping strength
13.1.1.3.2. Jaws are not interchangeable
13.1.1.3.3. Clamping restriction
13.1.2. 4 jaw chucks
13.1.2.1. All jaws are operated independently
13.1.2.2. Need 4 chuck keys to complete clmaping of workpiece
13.1.2.3. More accurate as each jaw can be adjusted individually
13.1.2.4. Advantage
13.1.2.4.1. High gripping strength
13.1.2.4.2. Clamping variability
13.1.2.4.3. Can work with workpiece with larger diameter but shorter length
13.1.2.5. Disadvantage
13.1.2.5.1. Too long to set-up
13.1.3. Mandrels
13.1.3.1. Plain solid
13.1.3.1.1. Only 1 size of bore
13.1.3.2. Expnsion
13.1.3.2.1. Suitable for slight diff in diameter
13.1.3.3. Cone
13.1.3.3.1. Suitable for workpiece with diff hole diameter
13.1.3.4. Gang
13.1.3.4.1. Suitable for many identical workpieces
14. Milling machine
14.1. Intro
14.1.1. Either horizontal or vertical
14.1.2. Work is fed against a revolving cutting tool
14.1.3. Material removal process
14.2. 3 types
14.2.1. Horizontal
14.2.1.1. Advantage
14.2.1.1.1. Number of surfaces can be machined in 1 go due to large cutting tool area
14.2.1.2. Disadvatage
14.2.1.2.1. Cannot drill hole
14.2.2. Vertical
14.2.2.1. Used for profiling internal and external surfaces
14.2.2.2. Drilling and boring holes
14.2.2.3. Advantages
14.2.2.3.1. Can perorm mny types of machining processes than the horizontal machine
14.2.2.3.2. Easy to mount tools
14.2.2.4. Disadvantages
14.2.2.4.1. Obstructed view of cutter and workpiece
14.2.3. Universal
15. Milling cutters
15.1. Horizontal
15.1.1. Convex cutter
15.1.2. Slab mill
15.1.3. Slide and face staggered cutter
15.1.4. Angle cuter
15.1.5. Slitting saw
15.1.6. Slotting cutter
15.2. Vertical
15.2.1. Face mill
15.2.2. End mill
15.2.3. Ball-nosed slot drill
15.2.4. T-slot cutter
15.2.5. Fly cutter
15.2.6. Dovetail cutter
16. Gears and pulleys
16.1. Gears
16.1.1. Spur gears
16.1.2. Helical spur gears
16.1.3. Bevel gears
16.1.4. Helical gears
16.1.5. Worm and worm wheel
16.1.6. Rack and pinion
16.2. Pulleys and belts
16.2.1. Round belt
16.2.2. Flat belt
16.2.3. Vee belt
16.2.4. Timing belt
16.2.5. Conveyer belt