1. diagnostic
1.1. Definition
1.1.1. A form of pre-assessment that allows a teacher to determine students' individual strengths, weaknesses, knowledge, and skills prior to instruction. It is primarily used to diagnose student difficulties and to guide lesson and curriculum planning.
1.2. Purpose
1.2.1. To ascertain, prior to instruction, each student's strengths, weaknesses, knowledge, and skills.
1.3. Advantages and disadvantages
1.3.1. Advantages
1.3.1.1. a.Allows teachers to plan meaningful and efficient instruction. b.Provides information to individualize instruction. c.Creates a baseline for assessing future learning.
1.3.2. Disadvantages
1.3.2.1. If students hadn’t learned the vocabularies or the culture in the previous x years of schooling, the assessment will not be effective.
1.4. Of learning or for learning
1.4.1. For learning
1.5. Example
1.5.1. Pretest / Presentation
1.6. Citation
1.6.1. Nuhad Y Dumit . (2012).Diagnostic/Formative/Summative Assessment. Retrieved from http://aub.edu.lb/ctl/Documents/CLO%20summer%202012/Diagnostic%20formative%20summative%20asst.pdf
2. performance-based
2.1. Definition
2.1.1. An assessment which measures students' ability to apply the skills and knowledge learned from a unit or units of study.
2.2. Purpose
2.2.1. To challenge students to use their higher-order thinking skills to create a product or complete a process
2.3. Advantages and disadvantages
2.3.1. Advantages
2.3.1.1. Include more practical applications of skills and to incorporate a greater focus on the understanding and combining of content and skills.
2.3.2. Disadvantaes
2.3.2.1. Since there are no clear right and wrong answers, teachers have to decide how to grade and what distinguishes an average performance from an excellent one.
2.4. Of/ for learning
2.4.1. Of learning
2.5. Example
2.5.1. Group projects
2.5.2. Essays
2.5.3. Demonstrations
2.6. Citation
2.6.1. http://www.projectappleseed.org/assessment
3. high-stakes
3.1. Definition
3.1.1. Any test that has major consequences or is the basis of a major decision.
3.2. Purpose
3.2.1. To decide whether the test taker can get a high school diploma, a scholarship, or a license to practice a profession.
3.3. Advantages and disadvantages
3.3.1. Advantages
3.3.1.1. It motivates and incentivizes educators to improve their schools, teachers, and ultimate their student achievement.
3.3.2. Disadvantages
3.3.2.1. It encourages educators to “teach to the test” and spend class time prepping students for assessments rather than actually instructing.
3.4. Of / for learning
3.4.1. Of learning
3.5. Example
3.5.1. College entrance examinations
3.5.2. high-school diplomas
3.6. Citation
3.6.1. https://www.verywell.com/what-is-high-stakes-testing-620875
3.6.2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-stakes_testing
4. authentic
4.1. Definition
4.1.1. The measurement of "intellectual accomplishments that are worthwhile, significant, and meaningful," as contrasted to multiple choice standardized tests.
4.2. Purpose
4.2.1. To evaluate students' abilities in 'real-world' contexts.
4.3. Advantages and disadvantages
4.3.1. Advantages
4.3.1.1. It focuses on the learning process, sound instructional practices and high-level thinking skills and proficiencies needed for success in the real world
4.3.2. Disadvantages
4.3.2.1. Informal development of the assessments and difficulty in ensuring test validity and reliability given the subjective nature of human scoring rubrics as compared to computers scoring multiple-choice test items.
4.4. Of / for learning
4.4.1. Of learning
4.5. Example
4.5.1. A child who is learning about basic math skills can use his or her knowledge when assigned to run a lemonade stand. Now, he or she can use subtraction to return change to customers and can practice the skill.
4.6. Citation
4.6.1. http://study.com/academy/lesson/authentic-learning-activities-examples-lesson-quiz.html
4.6.2. http://education.seattlepi.com/advantages-authentic-assessment-over-standardized-testing-2893.html
5. formative
5.1. Definition
5.1.1. An integral part of teaching and learning. It does not contribute to the final mark given for the module; instead it contributes to learning through providing feedback.
5.2. Purpose
5.2.1. To gauge student learning and adapt content accordingly.
5.3. Advantages and disadvantages
5.3.1. Advantage
5.3.1.1. Effective formative feedback will affect what the student and the teacher does next.
5.3.2. Disadvantage
5.3.2.1. Students may not take the assessments seriously, which may cause teachers to misread feedback from students.
5.4. Of/ for learning
5.4.1. For learning
5.5. Example
5.5.1. Graphic organizers
5.5.2. Collaborative learning activities
5.6. Citation
5.6.1. Nesa Sasser.(2017).What Are the Advantages & Disadvantages of Formative Assessment? Retrieved from http://oureverydaylife.com/advantages-disadvantages-formative-assessment-28407.html
6. summative
6.1. Definition
6.1.1. It demonstrates the extent of a learner's success in meeting the assessment criteria used to gauge the intended learning outcomes of a module or programme and contributes to the final mark given for the module.
6.2. Purpose
6.2.1. It is used to quantify achievement, to reward achievement, to provide data for selection (to the next stage in education or to employment).
6.3. Advantages and disadvantages
6.3.1. Advantages
6.3.1.1. It can provide information that has formative/diagnostic value
6.3.1.2. They provide motivation for students to study and pay attention in class.
6.3.1.3. They give great insight to teachers.
6.3.2. Disadvantages
6.3.2.1. Students may be asked to spend hours drilling those exercises instead of reading and writing to grow their vocabularies naturally.
6.4. Of/ for learning
6.4.1. Of learning
6.5. Example
6.5.1. Unit/Final test
6.6. Citation
6.6.1. Teaching Strategies(2016). Summative Assessment: What Teachers Need to Know Retrieved from http://education.cu-portland.edu/blog/teaching-strategies/summative-assessment-what-teachers-need-to-know/
7. portfolio
7.1. Definition
7.1.1. The systematic, longitudinal collection of student work created in response to specific, known instructional objectives and evaluated in relation to the same criteria.
7.2. Purpose
7.2.1. To help students assemble portfolios that illustrate their talents, represent their writing capabilities, and tell their stories of school achievement...
7.3. Advantages and disadvantages
7.3.1. Advantages
7.3.1.1. Improved self-evaluation
7.3.2. Disadvantages
7.3.2.1. Requiring extra time to plan an assessment system and conduct the assessment.
7.4. Of / for learning
7.4.1. Of learning
7.5. Example
7.5.1. showcase portfolios/Progress portfolios
7.6. Citation
7.6.1. http://www.unm.edu/~devalenz/handouts/portfolio.html
8. self-assessment
8.1. Definition
8.1.1. Assessment or evaluation of oneself or one's actions and attitudes, in particular, of one's performance at a job or learning task considered in relation to an objective standard.
8.2. Purpose
8.2.1. To increase involvement in the process of assessing strengths and areas in need of improvement, identify discrepancies of performance.
8.3. Advantages and disadvantages
8.3.1. Advantages
8.3.1.1. Encourages student involvement and responsibility.
8.3.2. Disadvantages
8.3.2.1. Potentially increases lecturer workload by needing to brief students on the process as well as on-going guidance on performing self evaluation.
8.4. Of / for learning
8.4.1. Of learning
8.5. Example
8.5.1. Self-assessment of writing using colored pencils and a rubric.
8.6. Citation
8.6.1. https://sydney.edu.au/education_social_work/groupwork/docs/SelfPeerAssessment.pdf
8.6.2. http://studentsatthecenterhub.org/resource/student-centered-assessment-guide-self-assessment/
9. peer assessment
9.1. Definition
9.1.1. Students' peers grade assignments or tests based on a teacher's benchmarks.
9.2. Purpose
9.2.1. To save teachers time and improve students' understanding of course materials as well as improve their metacognitive skills.
9.3. Advantages and disadvantages
9.3.1. Advantages
9.3.1.1. InduceS students to create better quality work
9.3.2. Disadvantages
9.3.2.1. Students generally initially question the ability of peers to assess their work, and the value of the feedback recieved.
9.4. Of / for learning
9.4.1. Of learning
9.5. Example
9.5.1. Asking students to peer assess each other’s essays
9.6. Citation
9.6.1. https://classroom-assessment-theory-into-practice.wikispaces.com/Benefits+and+Limitations+of+Peer+Assessment