1. Pain
1.1. Subjective
1.2. Common methods
1.2.1. Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
1.2.2. Scale of 0-10
1.2.3. Pictures (happy to sad)
2. Core Body Temperature
2.1. Normal
2.1.1. Adults: 98.6 F
2.1.2. Children: ~99.6 F
2.1.3. Older adults: `97.6 F
3. Respiration
3.1. Two Components:
3.1.1. Breathing Pattern
3.1.2. Rate
3.2. Conditions
3.2.1. Tachypnea: RR >20
3.2.2. Bradypnea: RR<10
3.3. Muscles
3.3.1. Inspiratory
3.3.1.1. Diaphragm
3.3.1.2. External intercostal
3.3.2. Expiratory
3.3.2.1. Passive recoil of lung and muscles
3.4. Measurements
3.4.1. Chest rise/fall
3.4.1.1. Observe
3.4.1.2. Palmate
3.5. Breathing Patterns
3.5.1. Shallow
3.5.2. Deep
3.5.3. Unlabored
3.5.4. Labored
3.5.5. Distressed: wheezing
3.6. Normal Values (br/min)
3.6.1. Newborn: 30-50
3.6.2. Infant: 20-30
3.6.3. Child:20-30
3.6.4. Adult: 12-20
4. Blood Pressure
4.1. Methods
4.1.1. Syphgmomanometer and stethoscope
4.1.2. Digital Readout
4.1.3. Doppler
4.1.4. Invasive (arterial line)
4.2. Measurments
4.2.1. Systolic
4.2.1.1. Pressure in vessels during contraction
4.2.1.2. First sound
4.2.2. Diastolic
4.2.2.1. Pressure in vessels during relaxation
4.2.2.2. Last sound
4.3. Values
4.3.1. Normal: <120/<80
4.3.2. Pre-hypertension: 120-139/80-89
4.3.3. Hypertension:>140/>90
4.4. Cuff Placement
4.4.1. 1 inch above antecubital fossa
4.4.2. Over biracial artery
4.4.3. Covers 2/3 of arm
4.4.4. Arm is supported
4.5. Procedure
4.5.1. Stethoscope over artery
4.5.2. Bladder valve closed
4.5.3. Inflate cuff to 20-30 mmHG over SBP
4.5.4. Slowly open bladder
4.6. Korokoff Sounds
4.6.1. Phase I: first appearance = SBP
4.6.2. Phase II: murmuring
4.6.3. Phase III: Crisper sounds
4.6.4. Phase IV: muffled sound
4.6.5. Phase V: Sound Disappears = DBP
4.7. False Readings
4.7.1. Cuff too small: false high
4.7.2. Cuff too big: false low
4.7.3. Improper stethoscope use
4.8. New node
5. Heart Rate
5.1. Heart Rate Rhythm
5.1.1. Irregular
5.1.2. Irregularly Irregular
5.1.3. Regular
5.2. Sites to Determine
5.2.1. Radial Artery
5.2.2. Carotid Artery
5.3. Adult Values
5.3.1. Avg: 80 bpm
5.3.2. Normal Resting: 60-100 bpm
5.3.3. Tachycardia: >100 bpm
5.3.4. Bradycardia: < 60 bpm
5.4. Pulse
5.4.1. Amplitude
5.4.1.1. Sites to determine
5.4.1.1.1. Radial artery
5.4.1.1.2. Carotid artery
5.4.1.1.3. Dorsalis pedis
5.4.1.1.4. Posterior tibial artery
5.4.1.1.5. Brachial artery
5.4.1.1.6. Femoral artery
5.4.1.1.7. Popliteal artery
5.4.1.2. +3 bounding, strong
5.4.1.3. +2 normal
5.4.1.4. +1 weak
5.4.1.5. 0 absent
5.5. Methods to assess
5.5.1. Stethoscope over apex
5.5.2. Manual palpation
5.5.2.1. 2nd and 3rd fingers
5.5.2.2. Count bpm for 30 seconds